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| 24 Jun 2009 19:43 |
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Y-Chromosome Biallelic Haplogroups
L. David Roper (roperld@vt.edu)
(www.roperld.com)
Y-Chromosome Haplogroup Trees
Y-chromosome haplogroup tree
The Journey of Man, A Genetic Odyssey by Spencer Wells, p. 182.
Information about the Y-chromosome haplogroups.
Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2007
Migration Routes
Biallelic SNP markers are single base-pair mutations (polymorphisms) that occur at different Y-chromosome locations about once every 7000 years. SNP=Single Nucleotide Polymorphism. There are over 150 known haplogroups. Haplotypes defined by the 31 STR markers are subgroups under the haplogroups
HAPLOGROUP DEFINITIONS: Family Tree DNA provided the following thumbnail summaries of the different haplogroups :
- Haplogroup B is one of the oldest Y-chromosome lineages in humans. Haplogroup B is found exclusively in Africa. This lineage was the first to disperse around Africa. There is current archaeological evidence supporting a major population expansion in Africa approximately 90-130 thousand years ago. It has been proposed that this event may have spread Haplogroup B throughout Africa. Haplogroup B appears at low frequency all around Africa, but is at its highest frequency in Pygmy populations.
- Haplogroup C is found throughout mainland Asia, the south Pacific, and at low frequency in Native American populations. Haplogroup C originated in southern Asia and spread in all directions. This lineage colonized New Guinea, Australia, and north Asia, and currently is found with its highest diversity in populations of India.
- Haplogroup C3 is believed to have originated in southeast or central Asia. This lineage then spread into northern Asia, and then into the Americas.
- Haplogroup D is an old lineage that evolved in Asia where it is hypothesized to have been widely distributed. This Haplogroup was present in the first people to colonize Japan. This Haplogroup was later displaced from much of Asia by other colonizing groups, but is still present at intermediate frequencies in the aboriginal Japanese and on the Tibetan plateau. It is also found at low frequencies in Mongolian populations and the Altais people of central Asia.
- Haplogroup D1 lineage is a descendent of the D lineage and is currently present in Southeast Asia and Tibet. Like its progenitor it is also found in low frequencies in Mongolian populations, but unlike D it is completely absent from Japan.
- Haplogroup D2 most likely derived from the D lineage in Japan. It is completely restricted to Japan, and is a very diverse lineage within the aboriginal Japanese and in the Japanese population around Okinawa.
- Haplogroup E probably arose in Northeast Africa, if one looks only at the concentration and variety of E subclades in that area today. But the fact that Haplogroup E is closely linked with Haplogroup D, which is not found in Africa, leaves open the possibility that E first arose in the Near or Middle East and was subsequently carried into Africa by a back migration
- Haplogroup E3a is an Africa lineage. It is currently hypothesized that this haplogroup dispersed south from northern Africa within the last 3,000 years, by the Bantu agricultural expansion. E3a is also the most common lineage among African Americans.
- Haplogroup E3b is believed to have evolved in the Middle East. It expanded into the Mediterranean during the Pleistocene Neolithic expansion. It is currently distributed around the Mediterranean, southern Europe, and in north and east Africa.
- Haplogroup F is the parent of all Y-DNA haplogroups G through R and contains more than 90% of the world’s population. Haplogroup F was in the original migration out of Africa, or else it was founded soon afterward, because F and its sub-haplogroups are primarily found outside, with very few inside, sub-Saharan Africa. The founder of F could have lived between 60,000 and 80,000 years ago, depending on the time of the out-of-Africa migration.
- Haplogroup G may have originated in India or Pakistan, and has dispersed into central Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. The G2 branch of this lineage (containing the P15 mutation) is found most often in Europe and the Middle East.
- Haplogroup H is nearly completely restricted to India, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan.
- Haplogroup I is a European haplogroup, representing nearly one-fifth of the population. It is almost non-existent outside of Europe, suggesting that it arose in Europe. Estimates of the age of haplogroup I suggest that it arose prior to the last Glacial Maximum.
- Haplogroup I1-M253 et al has highest frequency in Scandinavia, Iceland, and northwest Europe. In Britain, this haplogroup is often used as a marker for "invaders," Viking or Anglo-Saxon. The I1b-M227 subclade is concentrated in eastern Europe and the Balkans and appears to have arisen in the last one thousand to five thousand years. It has been reported in Germany, Czech Republic, Poland, Estonia, Ukraine, Switzerland, Slovenia, Bosnia, Macedonia, Croatia, and Lebanon.
- Haplogroup I2-M438 et al includes I2* which shows some membership from Armenia, Georgia and Turkey; I2a-P37.2, which is the most common form in the Balkans and Sardinia; I2a2-M26 is especially prevalent in Sardinia. I2b-M436 et al reaches its highest frequency along the northwest coast of continental Europe. I2b1-M223 et al occurs in Britain and northwest continental Europe. I2b1a-M284 occurs almost exclusively in Britain, so it apparently originated there and has probably been present for thousands of years.
- Haplogroup J (J1) is found at highest frequencies in Middle Eastern and north African populations where it most likely evolved. This marker has been carried by Middle Eastern traders into Europe, central Asia, India, and Pakistan.
- Haplogroup J2 originated in the northern portion of the Fertile Crescent where it later spread throughout central Asia, the Mediterranean, and south into India. As with other populations with Mediterranean ancestry this lineage is found within Jewish populations. The Cohen modal lineage is found in Haplogroup J2.
- Haplogroup K first appeared approximately 40,000 years ago in Iran or southern Central Asia.. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_K_%28Y-DNA%29 .
- Haplogroup K2 is present at a low level throughout Africa, Southwest Asia and Southern Europe. (Thomas Jefferson is in K2. See http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6332545.stm).
- Haplogroup L is found primarily in India and Sri Lanka, and has also spread into several Middle Eastern populations (Turks, Saudis, and Pakistanis).
- Haplogroup M reaches its known peak in Papua New Guinea, totaling one-third to two-thirds of population.
- Haplogroup N is distributed throughout Northern Eurasia. It is the most common Y-chromosome type in Uralic speakers (Finns and Native Siberian). This lineage most likely originated in northern China or Mongolia and then spread into Siberia where it became a very common line in western Siberia.
- Haplogroup O lineage dates to about 35,000 years ago when it evolved in Central or East Asia. Over 80% of today's East Asian population is haplogroup O, and this lineage is nearly completely restricted to East Asian populations.
- Haplogroup O1 is found at very high frequency in the aboriginal Taiwanese (possibly due to genetic drift). This haplogroup probably originated in East Asia and later migrated into the south Pacific. Individuals carrying this lineage are thought to have been important in the expansion of the Austronesian language group into Taiwan, Indonesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.
- Haplogroup O2 has two primary lines, the 465 line and the M95 line. Both lines are found in Asia. The 465 line is at high frequency in Japanese and Korean populations and at low frequency in east Asia. The M95 line is found in Southeast Asian populations (Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, and southern China).
- Haplogroup P is rarely found as an undifferentiated haplogroup. It is ancestral to both haplogroup Q and the much larger haplogroup R. Origin in central Asia or the Altai region of Siberia is suspected. Today the haplogroup is found at low frequencies in India, Pakistan, and central Asia.
- Haplogroup Q is the lineage that links Asia and the Americas. This lineage is found in North and Central Asian populations as well as native Americans. This lineage is believed to have originated in Central Asia and migrated through the Altai/Baikal region of northern Eurasia into the Americas.
- Haplogroup Q3 is the only lineage strictly associated with native American populations. This haplogroup is defined by the presence of the M3 mutation (also known as SY103). This mutation occurred on the Q lineage 8-12 thousand years ago as the migration into the Americas was underway. There is some debate as to on which side of the Bering Strait this mutation occurred, but it definitely happened in the ancestors of the Native American peoples.
- Haplogroup R is mainly represented in two lineages. Lineage R1a is thought to have originated in the Eurasian Steppes north of the Black and Caspian Seas. It is associated with the Kurgan culture, known for the domestication of the horse (approximately 3000 B.C.E.). This lineage is currently found in central and western Asia, India, and in Slavic populations of Eastern Europe. A well-known individual of the R1a lineage is Somerled founder of Clan Donald. Lineage R1b originated prior to the end of the last ice age where it was concentrated in refugia in southern Europe and Iberia and is the most common in European populations. It is especially common in the west of Ireland where it approaches 100% of the population. This haplogroup contains the Atlantic modal STR haplotype.
- Haplogroup R1a is believed to have originated in the Eurasian Steppes north of the Black and Caspian Seas. This lineage is believed to have originated in a population of the Kurgan culture, known for the domestication of the horse (approximately 3000 B.C.E.). These people were also believed to be the first speakers of the Indo-European language group. This lineage is currently found in central and western Asia, India, and in Slavic populations of Eastern Europe.
- Haplogroup R1b is the most common haplogroup in European populations. It is believed to have expanded throughout Europe as humans re-colonized after the last glacial maximum 10-12 thousand years ago. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype (HG1).
- Haplogroup R1b1 is a subgroup of R1b. R1b1c is a subgroup of R1b1.
- Haplogroup R1b1c3 is arrived in eastern Britain before the Younger Dryas (13,000 -> 11,500 years ago) and re-expanded into Eastern Britain immediately after the YD. It is found in only 1% of the British sample population. ... Two-thirds of R1b1c3 representatives are found in eastern England, the Channel Islands and Dorchester, while 82% are restricted to eastern England: Norfolk, Southwell, Bourne and York. ... The distribution of the founder type suggest R1b1c3 may have mutated from R1b1c somewhere in the English Channel (when it was mostly dry), and from there moved up into Norfolk and north-east England. ... Norfolk and East Anglia were still linked to the Continent at this stage. (The Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story by Stephen Oppenheimer, p.154.)
- Haplogroup R1b1c6 is found primarily in the British Isles, but can also be found at lower frequencies around Western Europe.
- Haplogroup R1b1c7 is primarily found in Northern Ireland and contains the Niall Modal Haplotype
There is far more infromation on the above web-site and diagrams of the alledged migration routes, some of you may have seen the recent TV series about this which has just been on TV ?and so I thought this article may help explain a few things ?or maybe confuse LOL ! Anyway just thought some may find it usefull to help one understand the complexities of DNA. the above article in no way reflects this sites views or my own . |
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Leahcim
Posts:0
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| 25 Jun 2009 05:40 |
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there will always arise in the darkest part of all living things,this darkness couled be but a shadow of anothers cape,but the dark moon risers in the setting of eternal truth,there will always be some who are lead to think they lead,what more a greater glorey for them to think that they alone stand at the dawn of time,
what does it matter in reality if primitive man thousands of yeares ago did evolve in the lands round africa,these primitivs who then went on to conquer the worled and conalise all the lands left a time scale of there lost dead bones,science can trace these bones and tell how we now have evolved,but there are no super nations or just trapped tribes that lived in mountains,there never was a gypsy cave man who gypsys evove from,theres no romance about india,the primitives living thousands of yeares ago where as much to do with gypsys as people who pop out of the wood work claiming to be gypsy,it will get worse i wouled say as time passes,you,ll be meeting gypsys evan down tescos on a saterday morning riding a bike with a flag on the back singing my old mans a gypsy,why some want to be gypsy now well to ask wouled be a wast of time, now to know when your not a gypsy ,well no finer man wouled you meet,i wouled ague that certain gypsy where evan from lands not of india and europe, i think there where gypsys evan from persia and the way of the holy land,there must be hundreds of geans and dna is only a small part people have focused to much attention on certain finding yet a tree will be known as a tree and counted by its rings of life but the geans in a person are not like dna that just shows you the last place science found answers,all the reasons you are you now and your ways is for the very reason you carry your family geans ,these are not the dna that some claim makes them a gypsy cave man desendant from thousands of yeares back,you are now who you are from all your familys ways, you couled have a dna that says your cave man last desendant was eating grass round the cape of good hope but all the geans that makes you who you are are from gypsy familky over say three hundred yeares of breeding, and the same thing but in the other direction there couled come a time when people with no gypsy breeding for generations will claim to be gypsy just becourse they have indian cave man dna,but all there geans couled for generations be say from a fishing village in norway,you are who you are now if your people in dinosaw time couled of been around it dosent make no difference to you now or evan later a time, if your dna says turkey land so what or pakistann or wales no difference if your born and bread in the gypsy your gypsy weather three thousand yeares or one generation for somwhere in your family geans you mignt not carry that cave man dna but there will be tens of thousands of other geans that have been passed down through the gypys and they are the ones you have and there the right ones to talk about,
but why do others only talk of a certain one, well again only a gypsy will find the answer to that,
i,m of for the plane, chargeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee |
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Moderator
Posts:553
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| 11 Jul 2009 04:42 |
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Should we all be testing our DNA? |
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By Lissa Cook
BBC
5live Report | 
More and more people in the UK are following America's lead in spending
hundreds of pounds on private genetic tests.
The tests analyse a fraction of the genes which make up human
DNA |
Such personalised DNA analysis, which calculates susceptibility to common
illnesses, such as cardio-vascular disease, Alzheimer's, cancer and
osteoporosis, claims to help people live longer, feel better and avoid disease.
Kits are ordered online or over the phone and users send a swab of saliva to
a laboratory for analysis.
The laboratory in turn sends back a report giving an individual their genetic
profile with personalised advice on improving diet and lifestyle.
But is it worth the money?
Peace of mind
Ben Hudson, a 44-year-old house husband from Sussex whose mother is a heavy
smoker and whose father died from cancer, ordered a DNA test which analysed more
than 40 gene variations.
"It's reassuring," he said.
"If someone said you've got a risk of this and that and you've got to change
your diet and lifestyle, surely it's got to be easier than ending up in the
doctors with a whole list of problems."
Ben was told he was at low risk of illnesses like cardio-vascular disease,
Alzheimer's, and cancer. It cost nearly £1,000, but he said it meant peace of
mind.
But genetics is a science in its infancy.
In an investigation for the BBC's 5live Report, the bio-ethicist Tom
Shakespeare, from Newcastle University, talked to experts concerned about the
lack of regulation of such tests.
The tests analyse just a fraction of the 25,000 or more genes which make up
human DNA, and predict risk of susceptibility to a range of common complex
diseases.
They are common because they are the things most of us die from. They are
complex because they are affected by dozens of genes, but also by environment
and lifestyle.
Other health influences
Dr Ron Zimmern, director of the Foundation for Genomics and Population Health
in Cambridge, is one of those with concerns that long-term studies of the tests
involving large numbers of people have not been completed.
"I think it is certainly too early to start offering the test both directly
to the public or indeed through a physician," he said.
"My main problem is that clinical studies that try to see what the predictive
value of these studies is at the individual level, just have not been done."
Dr Sian Astley, communications manager for the European Nutrigenomics
Organisation, said the science is sound but added that we do not yet know enough
and there are more important things that influence our health.
"Not smoking, drinking alcohol in moderation, maintaining an appropriate
weight for your height, regular exercise - just keeping those four things in
place is far more likely to have an impact on your risk of age-related diseases
than your genetic background."
Dr Astley said you could get equally useful advice from your GP or a
dietician without paying for a genetic test.
5Live Report found six British companies selling different types of tests.
One clinic offered a skin cancer test and another tested for chances of getting
breast cancer. The prices ranged from £100 to £1,000.
Ben Hudson used Genetic Health, which sells a variety of tests.
Their website claims that based on individual genetic profile, one of their
medical experts will be able to advise people on which lifestyle changes to
make, and which supplements to take that "will improve your quality of life,
extend the active period of your life and most possibly will enable you to live
longer".
Their medical director, Dr Paul Jenkins, said: "I think we do have the
evidence.
"All of the genes we analyse have been published in very large-scale studies
in the most eminent medical studies and show a clear association between those
polymorphisms [genetic variations] that individuals possess and their risk of
having a disease."
'Anxiety and stress'
But what if someone gets bad results?
Dr Paul Martin, from the University of Nottingham's Institute for Science and
Society, is worried about testing for illnesses like Alzheimer's, for which
there is no available treatment.
"There's no way of using that information usefully," he said.
"All it does it tell you you're at greater risk of getting the condition, and
I think the international consensus is that this isn't useful and, if anything,
it would cause a certain amount of harm - the anxiety and stress - when people
could do nothing about it."
But Dr Jenkins defended selling such tests to the public.
"These are not diagnostic tests and that is a point I make very firmly to all
the patients.
"We're not guaranteeing either they will or they will not develop a disease,
but I think individuals have a right to know whether they are at increased risk
genetically, in the same way that knowing you have high blood risk puts you at
increased risk of heart disease."
The Human Genetics Commission offers advice to anyone considering an
over-the-counter DNA test. Purchasers with questions and doubts are advised to
seek professional medical advice before buying. |
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xrosiex
Posts:297
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| 11 Jul 2009 06:08 |
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| well my own belief's on this one is that i wouldn't want any test like this because if i found out i was at risk from any of the things then i would only worry more about something that may never happen because the test only tells you that you are at higher risk and not where you will truly get it or not, or if i got a resort saying i was at a low risk what then if i still went and got one of the illness's, we should all do the things to take care of ourself anyway eat well, not smoke, drink little, exercise, have all the test and check ups we are meant to have at the Dr's, and for women check your breasts and for men check your privet parts, we already know these are the things to do to help keep ourselves healthy why add more stress to out lives by having a test that cant really tell us anything, it can only tell us maybe we will or wont get this or that, and even if it told us yes we will get what ever i wouldn't want to know that either for i would rather face what i had to when it came and not have to worry about it for years maybe before i even got it |
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Victor
Posts:213
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| 01 Aug 2009 15:57 |
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well said, dear xrosiex, why make yourself worry for what sickness you might get or not, we already have enugh sickness in this world of ours, and now the swine flu, I for myself don't give a damn for this DNA, only if my doctor will ask for it, which I think it a rare thing to happen.
your friend Victor |
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Moderator
Posts:553
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| 11 Sep 2009 08:13 |
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Romany Gypsies came out of India
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Anna Salleh
ABC Science Online
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Monday, 6 September 2004
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A Romany woman dances in downtown Prague during the third annual Khamoro Festival of Roma music and culture (Image: Reuters/Petr Josek) |
Legend has it that European Gypsies came from Egypt but a new genetic study has shown they came from a small population that emerged from ancestors in India around 1000 years ago. The research, by Professor Luba Kalaydjieva of the University of Western Australia and team, looked at the origins of eight to 10 million people in Europe commonly known as Gypsies. Roma, Romani or Romany are other names for this community, which has featured in movies such as Latcho Drom. "[The research] is the best evidence yet of the Indian origins of the Gypsies," the researchers write in an article published online ahead of print in the American Journal of Human Genetics. The researchers were first alerted to the idea that the Romany may be descended from a small founder population when they discovered that certain genetic mutations in the population were shared in people who were not directly related. This occurs in other groups that have developed from small founder populations such as the Finns, Ashkenazi Jews, the population of Quebec in Canada and possibly the Australian island state of Tasmania, Kalaydjieva, told ABC Science Online. Kalaydjieva and team have been studying the genetics of Romany people for over 10 years. In this recent study, which will be published in the October issue of the journal, the researchers analysed five genetic mutations linked to certain diseases, such as the neuromuscular disorder myasthenia. The aim was to try and estimate when the original founder population arose and when it split off into different groups of Romany. The researchers studied the diversity of the chromosomes that carry the genetic markers. Over successive generations, the region around the genetic markers become more and more diverse. By applying a known rate of genetic change in DNA, the researchers worked out the founder population emerged from the ancestral population 32 to 40 generations ago, or 800 to 1000 years ago. An Indian originAs well as looking at over 1100 samples of Romany from Europe, they studied six samples from India and found that the similarity in genetic markers supported the theory that the founder group, of perhaps under 1000 people, came from India. The idea that Romany people came from India was first proposed 200 years ago based on similarities between their language and the Indian language Sanskrit, said Kalaydjieva. But such studies were inconclusive. "There are quite a few examples where a population adopts a language but this does not necessarily mean its biological roots belong to the same place as the larger population that speaks this language," she said. "So from the biological point of view we have provided we have provided the best evidence so far that this is indeed a population that derives from the Indian subcontinent." Kalaydjieva and team's analysis of disease genetic markers supported the scientists' previous research on male and female genetic markers. "It all points in the same direction," she said. Gypsy: a loaded termKalaydjieva said scientists commonly used the term "Gypsy" but this was politically and historically loaded. "Initially Gypsies were called Gypsies because Europeans believed, and this was a legend that the Gypsies maintained themselves, that they came from Egypt," she said. But she said Gypsies had been persecuted due to superstition, racism and prejudice. The term Gypsy had become increasingly given a pejorative meaning, being used to describe a social category with a wandering nomadic way of life, rather than a biological population. Many people from that group now preferred to be called Roma, Romani or Romany. She said the term Romani or Romany, strictly speaking linguistically and historically, described Balkan Gypsies. These people were a sub-group of European Gypsies and the scientific term Gypsy was a more generic term to cover the biological population. Today people descended from European Gypsies live all over the world, even Australia. In Bulgaria alone there are at least 50 groups with different traditions, cultures, dialects and adopted religions.
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rg
Posts:40
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| 11 Sep 2009 09:11 |
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| I know a few Folk (Romany) who have Myasthenia so its an interesting article and shows that the DNA project is not a new thing and has been studied by quite a few Scientist all over the World. |
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bicks
Posts:2
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| 04 May 2010 04:14 |
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| Dooes anyone know the costs of a DNA test in the Uk ? |
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Moderator
Posts:553
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| 11 May 2010 16:09 |
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| Will try and find out for you bicks. |
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Moderator
Posts:553
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| 21 May 2010 14:16 |
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Participate
in the DNA Ancestry Project.
Find out
where your ancestors came from, their ethnic background, and how they
have scattered throughout the world today.
Get
Your Participation Kit »
Genetrack
is a partipating laboratory of the DNA Ancestry Project. |
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Moderator
Posts:553
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| 21 May 2010 14:19 |
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This is the page where the site above in the post has it charges this is purely just a post to give an idea of costs and I dont know anything about the company and we at Jorneyfolki do not endorse the company its just for our members to get an idea of costs etc.
Trace your paternal line
Standard Paternal Ancestry Package (Y-DNA 20 Marker Test), £59.00
Trace your own ancestry on your paternal line. You may upgrade to Advanced Package at a later date.
Advanced Paternal Ancestry Package (Y-DNA 44 Marker Test), £99.00
High resolution test for tracing your own ancestry on your paternal line.
Trace your maternal line
Standard Maternal Ancestry Package (mtDNA HVR-1 Test), £59.00
Trace your own ancestry on your maternal line.
Advanced Maternal Ancestry Package (mtDNA HVR-1 + HVR-2 Test), £95.00
High resolution test for tracing your own ancestry on your maternal line.
Trace both lines (paternal and maternal)
Combo Package (Y-DNA 20 Marker + mtDNA HVR-1 Test), £118.00
Trace your own ancestry on your paternal and maternal lines. You may upgrade to Advanced Package at a later date.
Advanced Combo Package (Y-DNA 44 Marker + mtDNA HVR-1 Test), £158.00
High resolution test for tracing your own ancestry on your paternal and maternal lines.
Plus Shipping and Handling Fee
Regular Shipping (£6.00), 2 - 3 weeks
Express Shipping (£15.00), within 3 business days |
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jenster
Posts:7
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| 08 Jun 2010 13:49 |
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| I thought it would be far more expensive still not sure in one way but also intrigued at the same time . |
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| You are not authorized to post a reply. |
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Moderator
Posts:553
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| 06/24/2009 7:43 PM |
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Y-Chromosome Biallelic Haplogroups
L. David Roper (roperld@vt.edu)
(www.roperld.com)
Y-Chromosome Haplogroup Trees
Y-chromosome haplogroup tree
The Journey of Man, A Genetic Odyssey by Spencer Wells, p. 182.
Information about the Y-chromosome haplogroups.
Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2007
Migration Routes
Biallelic SNP markers are single base-pair mutations (polymorphisms) that occur at different Y-chromosome locations about once every 7000 years. SNP=Single Nucleotide Polymorphism. There are over 150 known haplogroups. Haplotypes defined by the 31 STR markers are subgroups under the haplogroups
HAPLOGROUP DEFINITIONS: Family Tree DNA provided the following thumbnail summaries of the different haplogroups :
- Haplogroup B is one of the oldest Y-chromosome lineages in humans. Haplogroup B is found exclusively in Africa. This lineage was the first to disperse around Africa. There is current archaeological evidence supporting a major population expansion in Africa approximately 90-130 thousand years ago. It has been proposed that this event may have spread Haplogroup B throughout Africa. Haplogroup B appears at low frequency all around Africa, but is at its highest frequency in Pygmy populations.
- Haplogroup C is found throughout mainland Asia, the south Pacific, and at low frequency in Native American populations. Haplogroup C originated in southern Asia and spread in all directions. This lineage colonized New Guinea, Australia, and north Asia, and currently is found with its highest diversity in populations of India.
- Haplogroup C3 is believed to have originated in southeast or central Asia. This lineage then spread into northern Asia, and then into the Americas.
- Haplogroup D is an old lineage that evolved in Asia where it is hypothesized to have been widely distributed. This Haplogroup was present in the first people to colonize Japan. This Haplogroup was later displaced from much of Asia by other colonizing groups, but is still present at intermediate frequencies in the aboriginal Japanese and on the Tibetan plateau. It is also found at low frequencies in Mongolian populations and the Altais people of central Asia.
- Haplogroup D1 lineage is a descendent of the D lineage and is currently present in Southeast Asia and Tibet. Like its progenitor it is also found in low frequencies in Mongolian populations, but unlike D it is completely absent from Japan.
- Haplogroup D2 most likely derived from the D lineage in Japan. It is completely restricted to Japan, and is a very diverse lineage within the aboriginal Japanese and in the Japanese population around Okinawa.
- Haplogroup E probably arose in Northeast Africa, if one looks only at the concentration and variety of E subclades in that area today. But the fact that Haplogroup E is closely linked with Haplogroup D, which is not found in Africa, leaves open the possibility that E first arose in the Near or Middle East and was subsequently carried into Africa by a back migration
- Haplogroup E3a is an Africa lineage. It is currently hypothesized that this haplogroup dispersed south from northern Africa within the last 3,000 years, by the Bantu agricultural expansion. E3a is also the most common lineage among African Americans.
- Haplogroup E3b is believed to have evolved in the Middle East. It expanded into the Mediterranean during the Pleistocene Neolithic expansion. It is currently distributed around the Mediterranean, southern Europe, and in north and east Africa.
- Haplogroup F is the parent of all Y-DNA haplogroups G through R and contains more than 90% of the world’s population. Haplogroup F was in the original migration out of Africa, or else it was founded soon afterward, because F and its sub-haplogroups are primarily found outside, with very few inside, sub-Saharan Africa. The founder of F could have lived between 60,000 and 80,000 years ago, depending on the time of the out-of-Africa migration.
- Haplogroup G may have originated in India or Pakistan, and has dispersed into central Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. The G2 branch of this lineage (containing the P15 mutation) is found most often in Europe and the Middle East.
- Haplogroup H is nearly completely restricted to India, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan.
- Haplogroup I is a European haplogroup, representing nearly one-fifth of the population. It is almost non-existent outside of Europe, suggesting that it arose in Europe. Estimates of the age of haplogroup I suggest that it arose prior to the last Glacial Maximum.
- Haplogroup I1-M253 et al has highest frequency in Scandinavia, Iceland, and northwest Europe. In Britain, this haplogroup is often used as a marker for "invaders," Viking or Anglo-Saxon. The I1b-M227 subclade is concentrated in eastern Europe and the Balkans and appears to have arisen in the last one thousand to five thousand years. It has been reported in Germany, Czech Republic, Poland, Estonia, Ukraine, Switzerland, Slovenia, Bosnia, Macedonia, Croatia, and Lebanon.
- Haplogroup I2-M438 et al includes I2* which shows some membership from Armenia, Georgia and Turkey; I2a-P37.2, which is the most common form in the Balkans and Sardinia; I2a2-M26 is especially prevalent in Sardinia. I2b-M436 et al reaches its highest frequency along the northwest coast of continental Europe. I2b1-M223 et al occurs in Britain and northwest continental Europe. I2b1a-M284 occurs almost exclusively in Britain, so it apparently originated there and has probably been present for thousands of years.
- Haplogroup J (J1) is found at highest frequencies in Middle Eastern and north African populations where it most likely evolved. This marker has been carried by Middle Eastern traders into Europe, central Asia, India, and Pakistan.
- Haplogroup J2 originated in the northern portion of the Fertile Crescent where it later spread throughout central Asia, the Mediterranean, and south into India. As with other populations with Mediterranean ancestry this lineage is found within Jewish populations. The Cohen modal lineage is found in Haplogroup J2.
- Haplogroup K first appeared approximately 40,000 years ago in Iran or southern Central Asia.. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_K_%28Y-DNA%29 .
- Haplogroup K2 is present at a low level throughout Africa, Southwest Asia and Southern Europe. (Thomas Jefferson is in K2. See http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6332545.stm).
- Haplogroup L is found primarily in India and Sri Lanka, and has also spread into several Middle Eastern populations (Turks, Saudis, and Pakistanis).
- Haplogroup M reaches its known peak in Papua New Guinea, totaling one-third to two-thirds of population.
- Haplogroup N is distributed throughout Northern Eurasia. It is the most common Y-chromosome type in Uralic speakers (Finns and Native Siberian). This lineage most likely originated in northern China or Mongolia and then spread into Siberia where it became a very common line in western Siberia.
- Haplogroup O lineage dates to about 35,000 years ago when it evolved in Central or East Asia. Over 80% of today's East Asian population is haplogroup O, and this lineage is nearly completely restricted to East Asian populations.
- Haplogroup O1 is found at very high frequency in the aboriginal Taiwanese (possibly due to genetic drift). This haplogroup probably originated in East Asia and later migrated into the south Pacific. Individuals carrying this lineage are thought to have been important in the expansion of the Austronesian language group into Taiwan, Indonesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.
- Haplogroup O2 has two primary lines, the 465 line and the M95 line. Both lines are found in Asia. The 465 line is at high frequency in Japanese and Korean populations and at low frequency in east Asia. The M95 line is found in Southeast Asian populations (Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, and southern China).
- Haplogroup P is rarely found as an undifferentiated haplogroup. It is ancestral to both haplogroup Q and the much larger haplogroup R. Origin in central Asia or the Altai region of Siberia is suspected. Today the haplogroup is found at low frequencies in India, Pakistan, and central Asia.
- Haplogroup Q is the lineage that links Asia and the Americas. This lineage is found in North and Central Asian populations as well as native Americans. This lineage is believed to have originated in Central Asia and migrated through the Altai/Baikal region of northern Eurasia into the Americas.
- Haplogroup Q3 is the only lineage strictly associated with native American populations. This haplogroup is defined by the presence of the M3 mutation (also known as SY103). This mutation occurred on the Q lineage 8-12 thousand years ago as the migration into the Americas was underway. There is some debate as to on which side of the Bering Strait this mutation occurred, but it definitely happened in the ancestors of the Native American peoples.
- Haplogroup R is mainly represented in two lineages. Lineage R1a is thought to have originated in the Eurasian Steppes north of the Black and Caspian Seas. It is associated with the Kurgan culture, known for the domestication of the horse (approximately 3000 B.C.E.). This lineage is currently found in central and western Asia, India, and in Slavic populations of Eastern Europe. A well-known individual of the R1a lineage is Somerled founder of Clan Donald. Lineage R1b originated prior to the end of the last ice age where it was concentrated in refugia in southern Europe and Iberia and is the most common in European populations. It is especially common in the west of Ireland where it approaches 100% of the population. This haplogroup contains the Atlantic modal STR haplotype.
- Haplogroup R1a is believed to have originated in the Eurasian Steppes north of the Black and Caspian Seas. This lineage is believed to have originated in a population of the Kurgan culture, known for the domestication of the horse (approximately 3000 B.C.E.). These people were also believed to be the first speakers of the Indo-European language group. This lineage is currently found in central and western Asia, India, and in Slavic populations of Eastern Europe.
- Haplogroup R1b is the most common haplogroup in European populations. It is believed to have expanded throughout Europe as humans re-colonized after the last glacial maximum 10-12 thousand years ago. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype (HG1).
- Haplogroup R1b1 is a subgroup of R1b. R1b1c is a subgroup of R1b1.
- Haplogroup R1b1c3 is arrived in eastern Britain before the Younger Dryas (13,000 -> 11,500 years ago) and re-expanded into Eastern Britain immediately after the YD. It is found in only 1% of the British sample population. ... Two-thirds of R1b1c3 representatives are found in eastern England, the Channel Islands and Dorchester, while 82% are restricted to eastern England: Norfolk, Southwell, Bourne and York. ... The distribution of the founder type suggest R1b1c3 may have mutated from R1b1c somewhere in the English Channel (when it was mostly dry), and from there moved up into Norfolk and north-east England. ... Norfolk and East Anglia were still linked to the Continent at this stage. (The Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story by Stephen Oppenheimer, p.154.)
- Haplogroup R1b1c6 is found primarily in the British Isles, but can also be found at lower frequencies around Western Europe.
- Haplogroup R1b1c7 is primarily found in Northern Ireland and contains the Niall Modal Haplotype
There is far more infromation on the above web-site and diagrams of the alledged migration routes, some of you may have seen the recent TV series about this which has just been on TV ?and so I thought this article may help explain a few things ?or maybe confuse LOL ! Anyway just thought some may find it usefull to help one understand the complexities of DNA. the above article in no way reflects this sites views or my own . |
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Leahcim
Posts:0
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| 06/25/2009 5:40 AM |
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there will always arise in the darkest part of all living things,this darkness couled be but a shadow of anothers cape,but the dark moon risers in the setting of eternal truth,there will always be some who are lead to think they lead,what more a greater glorey for them to think that they alone stand at the dawn of time,
what does it matter in reality if primitive man thousands of yeares ago did evolve in the lands round africa,these primitivs who then went on to conquer the worled and conalise all the lands left a time scale of there lost dead bones,science can trace these bones and tell how we now have evolved,but there are no super nations or just trapped tribes that lived in mountains,there never was a gypsy cave man who gypsys evove from,theres no romance about india,the primitives living thousands of yeares ago where as much to do with gypsys as people who pop out of the wood work claiming to be gypsy,it will get worse i wouled say as time passes,you,ll be meeting gypsys evan down tescos on a saterday morning riding a bike with a flag on the back singing my old mans a gypsy,why some want to be gypsy now well to ask wouled be a wast of time, now to know when your not a gypsy ,well no finer man wouled you meet,i wouled ague that certain gypsy where evan from lands not of india and europe, i think there where gypsys evan from persia and the way of the holy land,there must be hundreds of geans and dna is only a small part people have focused to much attention on certain finding yet a tree will be known as a tree and counted by its rings of life but the geans in a person are not like dna that just shows you the last place science found answers,all the reasons you are you now and your ways is for the very reason you carry your family geans ,these are not the dna that some claim makes them a gypsy cave man desendant from thousands of yeares back,you are now who you are from all your familys ways, you couled have a dna that says your cave man last desendant was eating grass round the cape of good hope but all the geans that makes you who you are are from gypsy familky over say three hundred yeares of breeding, and the same thing but in the other direction there couled come a time when people with no gypsy breeding for generations will claim to be gypsy just becourse they have indian cave man dna,but all there geans couled for generations be say from a fishing village in norway,you are who you are now if your people in dinosaw time couled of been around it dosent make no difference to you now or evan later a time, if your dna says turkey land so what or pakistann or wales no difference if your born and bread in the gypsy your gypsy weather three thousand yeares or one generation for somwhere in your family geans you mignt not carry that cave man dna but there will be tens of thousands of other geans that have been passed down through the gypys and they are the ones you have and there the right ones to talk about,
but why do others only talk of a certain one, well again only a gypsy will find the answer to that,
i,m of for the plane, chargeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee |
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Moderator
Posts:553
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| 07/11/2009 4:42 AM |
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Should we all be testing our DNA? |
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By Lissa Cook
BBC
5live Report |
More and more people in the UK are following America's lead in spending
hundreds of pounds on private genetic tests.
The tests analyse a fraction of the genes which make up human
DNA |
Such personalised DNA analysis, which calculates susceptibility to common
illnesses, such as cardio-vascular disease, Alzheimer's, cancer and
osteoporosis, claims to help people live longer, feel better and avoid disease.
Kits are ordered online or over the phone and users send a swab of saliva to
a laboratory for analysis.
The laboratory in turn sends back a report giving an individual their genetic
profile with personalised advice on improving diet and lifestyle.
But is it worth the money?
Peace of mind
Ben Hudson, a 44-year-old house husband from Sussex whose mother is a heavy
smoker and whose father died from cancer, ordered a DNA test which analysed more
than 40 gene variations.
"It's reassuring," he said.
"If someone said you've got a risk of this and that and you've got to change
your diet and lifestyle, surely it's got to be easier than ending up in the
doctors with a whole list of problems."
Ben was told he was at low risk of illnesses like cardio-vascular disease,
Alzheimer's, and cancer. It cost nearly £1,000, but he said it meant peace of
mind.
But genetics is a science in its infancy.
In an investigation for the BBC's 5live Report, the bio-ethicist Tom
Shakespeare, from Newcastle University, talked to experts concerned about the
lack of regulation of such tests.
The tests analyse just a fraction of the 25,000 or more genes which make up
human DNA, and predict risk of susceptibility to a range of common complex
diseases.
They are common because they are the things most of us die from. They are
complex because they are affected by dozens of genes, but also by environment
and lifestyle.
Other health influences
Dr Ron Zimmern, director of the Foundation for Genomics and Population Health
in Cambridge, is one of those with concerns that long-term studies of the tests
involving large numbers of people have not been completed.
"I think it is certainly too early to start offering the test both directly
to the public or indeed through a physician," he said.
"My main problem is that clinical studies that try to see what the predictive
value of these studies is at the individual level, just have not been done."
Dr Sian Astley, communications manager for the European Nutrigenomics
Organisation, said the science is sound but added that we do not yet know enough
and there are more important things that influence our health.
"Not smoking, drinking alcohol in moderation, maintaining an appropriate
weight for your height, regular exercise - just keeping those four things in
place is far more likely to have an impact on your risk of age-related diseases
than your genetic background."
Dr Astley said you could get equally useful advice from your GP or a
dietician without paying for a genetic test.
5Live Report found six British companies selling different types of tests.
One clinic offered a skin cancer test and another tested for chances of getting
breast cancer. The prices ranged from £100 to £1,000.
Ben Hudson used Genetic Health, which sells a variety of tests.
Their website claims that based on individual genetic profile, one of their
medical experts will be able to advise people on which lifestyle changes to
make, and which supplements to take that "will improve your quality of life,
extend the active period of your life and most possibly will enable you to live
longer".
Their medical director, Dr Paul Jenkins, said: "I think we do have the
evidence.
"All of the genes we analyse have been published in very large-scale studies
in the most eminent medical studies and show a clear association between those
polymorphisms [genetic variations] that individuals possess and their risk of
having a disease."
'Anxiety and stress'
But what if someone gets bad results?
Dr Paul Martin, from the University of Nottingham's Institute for Science and
Society, is worried about testing for illnesses like Alzheimer's, for which
there is no available treatment.
"There's no way of using that information usefully," he said.
"All it does it tell you you're at greater risk of getting the condition, and
I think the international consensus is that this isn't useful and, if anything,
it would cause a certain amount of harm - the anxiety and stress - when people
could do nothing about it."
But Dr Jenkins defended selling such tests to the public.
"These are not diagnostic tests and that is a point I make very firmly to all
the patients.
"We're not guaranteeing either they will or they will not develop a disease,
but I think individuals have a right to know whether they are at increased risk
genetically, in the same way that knowing you have high blood risk puts you at
increased risk of heart disease."
The Human Genetics Commission offers advice to anyone considering an
over-the-counter DNA test. Purchasers with questions and doubts are advised to
seek professional medical advice before buying. |
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xrosiex
Posts:297
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| 07/11/2009 6:08 AM |
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| well my own belief's on this one is that i wouldn't want any test like this because if i found out i was at risk from any of the things then i would only worry more about something that may never happen because the test only tells you that you are at higher risk and not where you will truly get it or not, or if i got a resort saying i was at a low risk what then if i still went and got one of the illness's, we should all do the things to take care of ourself anyway eat well, not smoke, drink little, exercise, have all the test and check ups we are meant to have at the Dr's, and for women check your breasts and for men check your privet parts, we already know these are the things to do to help keep ourselves healthy why add more stress to out lives by having a test that cant really tell us anything, it can only tell us maybe we will or wont get this or that, and even if it told us yes we will get what ever i wouldn't want to know that either for i would rather face what i had to when it came and not have to worry about it for years maybe before i even got it |
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Victor
Posts:213
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| 08/01/2009 3:57 PM |
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well said, dear xrosiex, why make yourself worry for what sickness you might get or not, we already have enugh sickness in this world of ours, and now the swine flu, I for myself don't give a damn for this DNA, only if my doctor will ask for it, which I think it a rare thing to happen.
your friend Victor |
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Moderator
Posts:553
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| 09/11/2009 8:13 AM |
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Romany Gypsies came out of India
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Anna Salleh
ABC Science Online
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Monday, 6 September 2004
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A Romany woman dances in downtown Prague during the third annual Khamoro Festival of Roma music and culture (Image: Reuters/Petr Josek) |
Legend has it that European Gypsies came from Egypt but a new genetic study has shown they came from a small population that emerged from ancestors in India around 1000 years ago. The research, by Professor Luba Kalaydjieva of the University of Western Australia and team, looked at the origins of eight to 10 million people in Europe commonly known as Gypsies. Roma, Romani or Romany are other names for this community, which has featured in movies such as Latcho Drom. "[The research] is the best evidence yet of the Indian origins of the Gypsies," the researchers write in an article published online ahead of print in the American Journal of Human Genetics. The researchers were first alerted to the idea that the Romany may be descended from a small founder population when they discovered that certain genetic mutations in the population were shared in people who were not directly related. This occurs in other groups that have developed from small founder populations such as the Finns, Ashkenazi Jews, the population of Quebec in Canada and possibly the Australian island state of Tasmania, Kalaydjieva, told ABC Science Online. Kalaydjieva and team have been studying the genetics of Romany people for over 10 years. In this recent study, which will be published in the October issue of the journal, the researchers analysed five genetic mutations linked to certain diseases, such as the neuromuscular disorder myasthenia. The aim was to try and estimate when the original founder population arose and when it split off into different groups of Romany. The researchers studied the diversity of the chromosomes that carry the genetic markers. Over successive generations, the region around the genetic markers become more and more diverse. By applying a known rate of genetic change in DNA, the researchers worked out the founder population emerged from the ancestral population 32 to 40 generations ago, or 800 to 1000 years ago. An Indian originAs well as looking at over 1100 samples of Romany from Europe, they studied six samples from India and found that the similarity in genetic markers supported the theory that the founder group, of perhaps under 1000 people, came from India. The idea that Romany people came from India was first proposed 200 years ago based on similarities between their language and the Indian language Sanskrit, said Kalaydjieva. But such studies were inconclusive. "There are quite a few examples where a population adopts a language but this does not necessarily mean its biological roots belong to the same place as the larger population that speaks this language," she said. "So from the biological point of view we have provided we have provided the best evidence so far that this is indeed a population that derives from the Indian subcontinent." Kalaydjieva and team's analysis of disease genetic markers supported the scientists' previous research on male and female genetic markers. "It all points in the same direction," she said. Gypsy: a loaded termKalaydjieva said scientists commonly used the term "Gypsy" but this was politically and historically loaded. "Initially Gypsies were called Gypsies because Europeans believed, and this was a legend that the Gypsies maintained themselves, that they came from Egypt," she said. But she said Gypsies had been persecuted due to superstition, racism and prejudice. The term Gypsy had become increasingly given a pejorative meaning, being used to describe a social category with a wandering nomadic way of life, rather than a biological population. Many people from that group now preferred to be called Roma, Romani or Romany. She said the term Romani or Romany, strictly speaking linguistically and historically, described Balkan Gypsies. These people were a sub-group of European Gypsies and the scientific term Gypsy was a more generic term to cover the biological population. Today people descended from European Gypsies live all over the world, even Australia. In Bulgaria alone there are at least 50 groups with different traditions, cultures, dialects and adopted religions.
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rg
Posts:40
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| 09/11/2009 9:11 AM |
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| I know a few Folk (Romany) who have Myasthenia so its an interesting article and shows that the DNA project is not a new thing and has been studied by quite a few Scientist all over the World. |
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bicks
Posts:2
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| 05/04/2010 4:14 AM |
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| Dooes anyone know the costs of a DNA test in the Uk ? |
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Moderator
Posts:553
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| 05/11/2010 4:09 PM |
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| Will try and find out for you bicks. |
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Moderator
Posts:553
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| 05/21/2010 2:16 PM |
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Participate
in the DNA Ancestry Project.
Find out
where your ancestors came from, their ethnic background, and how they
have scattered throughout the world today.
Get
Your Participation Kit »
Genetrack
is a partipating laboratory of the DNA Ancestry Project. |
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Moderator
Posts:553
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| 05/21/2010 2:19 PM |
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This is the page where the site above in the post has it charges this is purely just a post to give an idea of costs and I dont know anything about the company and we at Jorneyfolki do not endorse the company its just for our members to get an idea of costs etc.
Trace your paternal line
Standard Paternal Ancestry Package (Y-DNA 20 Marker Test), £59.00
Trace your own ancestry on your paternal line. You may upgrade to Advanced Package at a later date.
Advanced Paternal Ancestry Package (Y-DNA 44 Marker Test), £99.00
High resolution test for tracing your own ancestry on your paternal line.
Trace your maternal line
Standard Maternal Ancestry Package (mtDNA HVR-1 Test), £59.00
Trace your own ancestry on your maternal line.
Advanced Maternal Ancestry Package (mtDNA HVR-1 + HVR-2 Test), £95.00
High resolution test for tracing your own ancestry on your maternal line.
Trace both lines (paternal and maternal)
Combo Package (Y-DNA 20 Marker + mtDNA HVR-1 Test), £118.00
Trace your own ancestry on your paternal and maternal lines. You may upgrade to Advanced Package at a later date.
Advanced Combo Package (Y-DNA 44 Marker + mtDNA HVR-1 Test), £158.00
High resolution test for tracing your own ancestry on your paternal and maternal lines.
Plus Shipping and Handling Fee
Regular Shipping (£6.00), 2 - 3 weeks
Express Shipping (£15.00), within 3 business days |
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jenster
Posts:7
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| 06/08/2010 1:49 PM |
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| I thought it would be far more expensive still not sure in one way but also intrigued at the same time . |
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| You are not authorized to post a reply. |
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